# # turtle.py: a Tkinter based turtle graphics module for Python # Version 1.1b - 4. 5. 2009 # # Copyright (C) 2006 - 2010 Gregor Lingl # email: glingl@aon.at # # This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied # warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages # arising from the use of this software. # # Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, # including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it # freely, subject to the following restrictions: # # 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not # claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software # in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be # appreciated but is not required. # 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be # misrepresented as being the original software. # 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. """ Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an `import turtle`, give it the command `turtle.forward(15)`, and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command `turtle.right(25)`, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise. Turtle graphics is an implementation of the drawing tools introduced in Logo in 1967. It was created as an educational tool, and its instant, visible feedback makes it an effective way for learners to encounter programming concepts. It is also a convenient way to produce simple graphical output without bringing in external libraries. """ import tkinter as TK import types import math import time import inspect import sys from os.path import isfile, split, join from pathlib import Path from contextlib import contextmanager from copy import deepcopy from tkinter import simpledialog _tg_classes = ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen', 'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D'] _tg_screen_functions = ['addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye', 'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas', 'getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'no_animation', 'numinput', 'onkey', 'onkeypress', 'onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer', 'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'save', 'setup', 'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update', 'window_height', 'window_width'] _tg_turtle_functions = ['back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk', 'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color', 'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd', 'fillcolor', 'fill', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen', 'get_shapepoly', 'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown', 'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd', 'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'poly', 'pos', 'position', 'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt', 'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle', 'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'teleport', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards', 'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width', 'write', 'xcor', 'ycor'] _tg_utilities = ['write_docstringdict', 'done'] __all__ = (_tg_classes + _tg_screen_functions + _tg_turtle_functions + _tg_utilities + ['Terminator']) _alias_list = ['addshape', 'backward', 'bk', 'fd', 'ht', 'lt', 'pd', 'pos', 'pu', 'rt', 'seth', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'st', 'turtlesize', 'up', 'width'] _CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen "height" : 0.75, "canvwidth" : 400, "canvheight": 300, "leftright": None, "topbottom": None, "mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen "colormode": 1.0, "delay": 10, "undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle "shape": "classic", "pencolor" : "black", "fillcolor" : "black", "resizemode" : "noresize", "visible" : True, "language": "english", # docstrings "exampleturtle": "turtle", "examplescreen": "screen", "title": "Python Turtle Graphics", "using_IDLE": False } def config_dict(filename): """Convert the content of a config file into a dict.""" with open(filename, "r") as f: cfglines = f.readlines() cfgdict = {} for line in cfglines: line = line.strip() if not line or line.startswith("#"): continue try: key, value = line.split("=") except ValueError: print("Bad line in config-file %s:\n%s" % (filename,line)) continue key = key.strip() value = value.strip() if value in ["True", "False", "None", "''", '""']: value = eval(value) else: try: if "." in value: value = float(value) else: value = int(value) except ValueError: pass # value need not be converted cfgdict[key] = value return cfgdict def readconfig(cfgdict): """Read config files and update the configuration dict accordingly. If there is a turtle.cfg file in the current working directory, read it. If it contains an importconfig value, say 'myway', use the filename turtle_myway.cfg, otherwise turtle.cfg, and read that file from the directory where turtle.py is located. The configuration dict is updated first from the config file in the turtle.py directory, then from the one in the current working directory. If no config file is found, the default configuration is used. """ default_cfg = "turtle.cfg" cfgdict1 = {} cfgdict2 = {} if isfile(default_cfg): cfgdict1 = config_dict(default_cfg) if "importconfig" in cfgdict1: default_cfg = "turtle_%s.cfg" % cfgdict1["importconfig"] try: head, tail = split(__file__) cfg_file2 = join(head, default_cfg) except Exception: cfg_file2 = "" if isfile(cfg_file2): cfgdict2 = config_dict(cfg_file2) _CFG.update(cfgdict2) _CFG.update(cfgdict1) try: readconfig(_CFG) except Exception: print ("No configfile read, reason unknown") class Vec2D(tuple): """A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple! Provides (for a, b vectors, k number): a + b: vector addition a - b: vector subtraction a * b: inner product k * a and a * k: multiplication with scalar abs(a): absolute value of a a.rotate(angle): rotation """ def __new__(cls, x, y): return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y)) def __add__(self, other): return Vec2D(self[0]+other[0], self[1]+other[1]) def __mul__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Vec2D): return self[0]*other[0]+self[1]*other[1] return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other) def __rmul__(self, other): if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float): return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other) return NotImplemented def __sub__(self, other): return Vec2D(self[0]-other[0], self[1]-other[1]) def __neg__(self): return Vec2D(-self[0], -self[1]) def __abs__(self): return math.hypot(*self) def rotate(self, angle): """Rotate self counterclockwise by angle.""" perp = Vec2D(-self[1], self[0]) angle = math.radians(angle) c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle) return Vec2D(self[0]*c+perp[0]*s, self[1]*c+perp[1]*s) def __getnewargs__(self): return (self[0], self[1]) def __repr__(self): return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self ############################################################################## ### From here up to line : Tkinter - Interface for turtle.py ### ### May be replaced by an interface to some different graphics toolkit ### ############################################################################## ## helper functions for Scrolled Canvas, to forward Canvas-methods ## to ScrolledCanvas class def __methodDict(cls, _dict): """Helper function for Scrolled Canvas.""" baseList = list(cls.__bases__) baseList.reverse() for _super in baseList: __methodDict(_super, _dict) for key, value in cls.__dict__.items(): if type(value) == types.FunctionType: _dict[key] = value def __methods(cls): """Helper function for Scrolled Canvas.""" _dict = {} __methodDict(cls, _dict) return _dict.keys() __stringBody = ( 'def %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return ' + 'self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)') def __forwardmethods(fromClass, toClass, toPart, exclude = ()): ### MANY CHANGES ### _dict_1 = {} __methodDict(toClass, _dict_1) _dict = {} mfc = __methods(fromClass) for ex in _dict_1.keys(): if ex[:1] == '_' or ex[-1:] == '_' or ex in exclude or ex in mfc: pass else: _dict[ex] = _dict_1[ex] for method, func in _dict.items(): d = {'method': method, 'func': func} if isinstance(toPart, str): execString = \ __stringBody % {'method' : method, 'attribute' : toPart} exec(execString, d) setattr(fromClass, method, d[method]) ### NEWU! class ScrolledCanvas(TK.Frame): """Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book. Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class. """ def __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350, canvwidth=600, canvheight=500): TK.Frame.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height) self._rootwindow = self.winfo_toplevel() self.width, self.height = width, height self.canvwidth, self.canvheight = canvwidth, canvheight self.bg = "white" self._canvas = TK.Canvas(master, width=width, height=height, bg=self.bg, relief=TK.SUNKEN, borderwidth=2) self.hscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.xview, orient=TK.HORIZONTAL) self.vscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.yview) self._canvas.configure(xscrollcommand=self.hscroll.set, yscrollcommand=self.vscroll.set) self.rowconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0) self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0) self._canvas.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0, column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0, column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1, column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') self.reset() self._rootwindow.bind('', self.onResize) def reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg = None): """Adjust canvas size, background color and scrollbars.""" if canvwidth: self.canvwidth = canvwidth if canvheight: self.canvheight = canvheight if bg: self.bg = bg self._canvas.config(bg=bg, scrollregion=(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2, self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2)) self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth - self.width + 30) / self.canvwidth) self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight- self.height + 30) / self.canvheight) self.adjustScrolls() def adjustScrolls(self): """Adjust scrollbars according to window and canvas size.""" cwidth = self._canvas.winfo_width() cheight = self._canvas.winfo_height() self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth-cwidth)/self.canvwidth) self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight-cheight)/self.canvheight) if cwidth < self.canvwidth or cheight < self.canvheight: self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1, column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0, column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news') else: self.hscroll.grid_forget() self.vscroll.grid_forget() def onResize(self, event): """self-explanatory""" self.adjustScrolls() def bbox(self, *args): """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... """ return self._canvas.bbox(*args) def cget(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... """ return self._canvas.cget(*args, **kwargs) def config(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... """ self._canvas.config(*args, **kwargs) def bind(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... """ self._canvas.bind(*args, **kwargs) def unbind(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... """ self._canvas.unbind(*args, **kwargs) def focus_force(self): """ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... """ self._canvas.focus_force() __forwardmethods(ScrolledCanvas, TK.Canvas, '_canvas') class _Root(TK.Tk): """Root class for Screen based on Tkinter.""" def __init__(self): TK.Tk.__init__(self) def setupcanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight): self._canvas = ScrolledCanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight) self._canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both") def _getcanvas(self): return self._canvas def set_geometry(self, width, height, startx, starty): self.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d"%(width, height, startx, starty)) def ondestroy(self, destroy): self.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", destroy) def win_width(self): return self.winfo_screenwidth() def win_height(self): return self.winfo_screenheight() Canvas = TK.Canvas class TurtleScreenBase: """Provide the basic graphics functionality. Interface between Tkinter and turtle.py. To port turtle.py to some different graphics toolkit a corresponding TurtleScreenBase class has to be implemented. """ def _blankimage(self): """Return a blank image object.""" img = TK.PhotoImage(width=1, height=1, master=self.cv) img.blank() return img def _image(self, filename): """Return an image object containing the imagedata from an image file named filename. """ return TK.PhotoImage(file=filename, master=self.cv) def __init__(self, cv): self.cv = cv if isinstance(cv, ScrolledCanvas): w = self.cv.canvwidth h = self.cv.canvheight else: # expected: ordinary TK.Canvas w = int(self.cv.cget("width")) h = int(self.cv.cget("height")) self.cv.config(scrollregion = (-w//2, -h//2, w//2, h//2 )) self.canvwidth = w self.canvheight = h self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0 self._updating = False def _createpoly(self): """Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv.""" return self.cv.create_polygon((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), fill="", outline="") def _drawpoly(self, polyitem, coordlist, fill=None, outline=None, width=None, top=False): """Configure polygon item polyitem according to the given arguments. Arguments: coordlist -- a sequence of coordinates fill -- the fill color outline -- the outline color width -- the outline width top -- a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem will be put on top of the canvas' display list so it will not be covered by other items """ cl = [] for x, y in coordlist: cl.append(x * self.xscale) cl.append(-y * self.yscale) self.cv.coords(polyitem, *cl) if fill is not None: self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, fill=fill) if outline is not None: self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, outline=outline) if width is not None: self.cv.itemconfigure(polyitem, width=width) if top: self.cv.tag_raise(polyitem) def _createline(self): """Create an invisible line item on canvas self.cv.""" return self.cv.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill="", width=2, capstyle = TK.ROUND) def _drawline(self, lineitem, coordlist=None, fill=None, width=None, top=False): """Configure line item lineitem according to the given arguments. Arguments: coordlist -- a sequence of coordinates fill -- the drawing color width -- the width of the drawn line top -- a boolean value, which specifies if lineitem will be put on top of the canvas' display list so it will not be covered by other items """ if coordlist is not None: cl = [] for x, y in coordlist: cl.append(x * self.xscale) cl.append(-y * self.yscale) self.cv.coords(lineitem, *cl) if fill is not None: self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, fill=fill) if width is not None: self.cv.itemconfigure(lineitem, width=width) if top: self.cv.tag_raise(lineitem) def _delete(self, item): """Delete graphics item from canvas. If item is "all", delete all graphics items. """ self.cv.delete(item) def _update(self): """Redraw graphics items on canvas.""" if self._updating: # Reentrant call (e.g. a drag handler moving the turtle, # gh-50966): flush drawing without reprocessing input. self.cv.update_idletasks() return self._updating = True try: self.cv.update() finally: self._updating = False def _delay(self, delay): """Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms.""" self.cv.after(delay) def _iscolorstring(self, color): """Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string. """ try: self.cv.winfo_rgb(color) ok = True except TK.TclError: ok = False return ok def _bgcolor(self, color=None): """Set canvas' backgroundcolor if color is not None, else return backgroundcolor.""" if color is not None: self.cv.config(bg = color) self._update() else: return self.cv.cget("bg") def _write(self, pos, txt, align, font, pencolor): """Write txt at pos on the canvas with specified font and color. Return text item and x-coord of right bottom corner of text's bounding box. """ x, y = pos x = x * self.xscale y = y * self.yscale anchor = {"left":"sw", "center":"s", "right":"se" } item = self.cv.create_text(x-1, -y, text = txt, anchor = anchor[align], fill = pencolor, font = font) x0, y0, x1, y1 = self.cv.bbox(item) return item, x1-1 def _onclick(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-click event on turtle. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 """ if fun is None: self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "" % num) else: def eventfun(event): x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) fun(x, y) self.cv.tag_bind(item, "" % num, eventfun, add) def _onrelease(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on turtle. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the point on the canvas where mouse button is released. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed, then _onscreensclick-event. """ if fun is None: self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "" % num) else: def eventfun(event): x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) fun(x, y) self.cv.tag_bind(item, "" % num, eventfun, add) def _ondrag(self, item, fun, num=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the actual mouse position on the canvas. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle. """ if fun is None: self.cv.tag_unbind(item, "" % num) else: def eventfun(event): try: x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) fun(x, y) except Exception: pass self.cv.tag_bind(item, "" % num, eventfun, add) def _onscreenclick(self, fun, num=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed, then _onscreensclick-event. """ if fun is None: self.cv.unbind("" % num) else: def eventfun(event): x, y = (self.cv.canvasx(event.x)/self.xscale, -self.cv.canvasy(event.y)/self.yscale) fun(x, y) self.cv.bind("" % num, eventfun, add) def _onkeyrelease(self, fun, key): """Bind fun to key-release event of key. Canvas must have focus. See method listen """ if fun is None: self.cv.unbind("" % key, None) else: def eventfun(event): fun() self.cv.bind("" % key, eventfun) def _onkeypress(self, fun, key=None): """If key is given, bind fun to key-press event of key. Otherwise bind fun to any key-press. Canvas must have focus. See method listen. """ if fun is None: if key is None: self.cv.unbind("", None) else: self.cv.unbind("" % key, None) else: def eventfun(event): fun() if key is None: self.cv.bind("", eventfun) else: self.cv.bind("" % key, eventfun) def _listen(self): """Set focus on canvas (in order to collect key-events) """ self.cv.focus_force() def _ontimer(self, fun, t): """Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds. """ if t == 0: self.cv.after_idle(fun) else: self.cv.after(t, fun) def _createimage(self, image): """Create and return image item on canvas. """ return self.cv.create_image(0, 0, image=image) def _drawimage(self, item, pos, image): """Configure image item as to draw image object at position (x,y) on canvas) """ x, y = pos self.cv.coords(item, (x * self.xscale, -y * self.yscale)) self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image) def _setbgpic(self, item, image): """Configure image item as to draw image object at center of canvas. Set item to the first item in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below any other item .""" self.cv.itemconfig(item, image=image) self.cv.tag_lower(item) def _type(self, item): """Return 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on type of item. """ return self.cv.type(item) def _pointlist(self, item): """Return list of coordinate pairs of points of item. For example: >>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item) [(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982), (9.9999999999999982, 0.0)] """ cl = self.cv.coords(item) pl = [(cl[i], -cl[i+1]) for i in range(0, len(cl), 2)] return pl def _setscrollregion(self, srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2): self.cv.config(scrollregion=(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2)) def _rescale(self, xscalefactor, yscalefactor): items = self.cv.find_all() for item in items: coordinates = list(self.cv.coords(item)) newcoordlist = [] while coordinates: x, y = coordinates[:2] newcoordlist.append(x * xscalefactor) newcoordlist.append(y * yscalefactor) coordinates = coordinates[2:] self.cv.coords(item, *newcoordlist) def _resize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None): """Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does not alter the drawing window. """ # needs amendment if not isinstance(self.cv, ScrolledCanvas): return self.canvwidth, self.canvheight if canvwidth is canvheight is bg is None: return self.cv.canvwidth, self.cv.canvheight if canvwidth is not None: self.canvwidth = canvwidth if canvheight is not None: self.canvheight = canvheight self.cv.reset(canvwidth, canvheight, bg) def _window_size(self): """Return the width and height of the turtle window.""" width = self.cv.winfo_width() if width <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager width = self.cv['width'] height = self.cv.winfo_height() if height <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager height = self.cv['height'] return width, height def mainloop(self): """Starts event loop - calling Tkinter's mainloop function. No argument. Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program. Must NOT be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode (No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.mainloop() """ self.cv.tk.mainloop() def textinput(self, title, prompt): """Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what information to input. Return the string input If the dialog is canceled, return None. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:") """ return simpledialog.askstring(title, prompt, parent=self.cv) def numinput(self, title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None): """Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to input. default: default value minval: minimum value for input maxval: maximum value for input The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for correction. Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000) """ return simpledialog.askfloat(title, prompt, initialvalue=default, minvalue=minval, maxvalue=maxval, parent=self.cv) ############################################################################## ### End of Tkinter - interface ### ############################################################################## class Terminator (Exception): """Will be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False. This stops execution of a turtle graphics script. Main purpose: use in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py. """ pass class TurtleGraphicsError(Exception): """Raised for invalid arguments or operations.""" class Shape: """Data structure modeling shapes. attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound" attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple, an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method. """ def __init__(self, type_, data=None): self._type = type_ if type_ == "polygon": if isinstance(data, list): data = tuple(data) elif type_ == "image": assert(isinstance(data, TK.PhotoImage)) elif type_ == "compound": data = [] else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape type %s" % type_) self._data = data def addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None): """Add component to a shape of type compound. Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs. fill is the fillcolor of the component, outline is the outline color of the component. call (for a Shapeobject namend s): -- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue") Example: >>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) >>> s = Shape("compound") >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue") >>> # .. add more components and then use register_shape() """ if self._type != "compound": raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape" % self._type) if outline is None: outline = fill self._data.append([poly, fill, outline]) class Tbuffer: """Ring buffer used as undo buffer for RawTurtle objects.""" def __init__(self, bufsize=10): self.bufsize = bufsize self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize self.ptr = -1 self.cumulate = False def reset(self, bufsize=None): if bufsize is None: for i in range(self.bufsize): self.buffer[i] = [None] else: self.bufsize = bufsize self.buffer = [[None]] * bufsize self.ptr = -1 def push(self, item): if self.bufsize > 0: if not self.cumulate: self.ptr = (self.ptr + 1) % self.bufsize self.buffer[self.ptr] = item else: self.buffer[self.ptr].append(item) def pop(self): if self.bufsize > 0: item = self.buffer[self.ptr] if item is None: return None else: self.buffer[self.ptr] = [None] self.ptr = (self.ptr - 1) % self.bufsize return (item) def nr_of_items(self): return self.bufsize - self.buffer.count([None]) def __repr__(self): return str(self.buffer) + " " + str(self.ptr) class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): """Provides screen oriented methods like bgcolor etc. Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and not upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit, which is Tkinter in this case. """ _RUNNING = True def __init__(self, cv, mode=_CFG["mode"], colormode=_CFG["colormode"], delay=_CFG["delay"]): TurtleScreenBase.__init__(self, cv) self._shapes = { "arrow" : Shape("polygon", ((-10,0), (10,0), (0,10))), "turtle" : Shape("polygon", ((0,16), (-2,14), (-1,10), (-4,7), (-7,9), (-9,8), (-6,5), (-7,1), (-5,-3), (-8,-6), (-6,-8), (-4,-5), (0,-7), (4,-5), (6,-8), (8,-6), (5,-3), (7,1), (6,5), (9,8), (7,9), (4,7), (1,10), (2,14))), "circle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,0), (9.51,3.09), (8.09,5.88), (5.88,8.09), (3.09,9.51), (0,10), (-3.09,9.51), (-5.88,8.09), (-8.09,5.88), (-9.51,3.09), (-10,0), (-9.51,-3.09), (-8.09,-5.88), (-5.88,-8.09), (-3.09,-9.51), (-0.00,-10.00), (3.09,-9.51), (5.88,-8.09), (8.09,-5.88), (9.51,-3.09))), "square" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-10), (10,10), (-10,10), (-10,-10))), "triangle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-5.77), (0,11.55), (-10,-5.77))), "classic": Shape("polygon", ((0,0),(-5,-9),(0,-7),(5,-9))), "blank" : Shape("image", self._blankimage()) } self._bgpics = {"nopic" : ""} self._mode = mode self._delayvalue = delay self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"] self._keys = [] self.clear() if sys.platform == 'darwin': # Force Turtle window to the front on OS X. This is needed because # the Turtle window will show behind the Terminal window when you # start the demo from the command line. rootwindow = cv.winfo_toplevel() rootwindow.wm_attributes(topmost=True) rootwindow.wm_attributes(topmost=False) def clear(self): """Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. No argument. Reset empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.clear() Note: this method is not available as function. """ self._delayvalue = _CFG["delay"] self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"] self._delete("all") self._bgpic = self._createimage("") self._bgpicname = "nopic" self._tracing = 1 self._updatecounter = 0 self._turtles = [] self.bgcolor("white") for btn in 1, 2, 3: self.onclick(None, btn) self.onkeypress(None) for key in self._keys[:]: self.onkey(None, key) self.onkeypress(None, key) Turtle._pen = None def mode(self, mode=None): """Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset. Optional argument: mode -- one of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world' Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py. Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics. Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1. If mode is not given, return the current mode. Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles ------------|-------------------------|------------------- 'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise 'logo' upward (north) clockwise Examples: >>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north >>> mode() 'logo' """ if mode is None: return self._mode mode = mode.lower() if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]: raise TurtleGraphicsError("No turtle-graphics-mode %s" % mode) self._mode = mode if mode in ["standard", "logo"]: self._setscrollregion(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2, self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2) self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0 self.reset() def setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury): """Set up a user defined coordinate-system. Arguments: llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary. This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates. But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear distorted. (see Screen.mode()) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5) >>> for _ in range(36): ... left(10) ... forward(0.5) """ if self.mode() != "world": self.mode("world") xspan = float(urx - llx) yspan = float(ury - lly) wx, wy = self._window_size() self.screensize(wx-20, wy-20) oldxscale, oldyscale = self.xscale, self.yscale self.xscale = self.canvwidth / xspan self.yscale = self.canvheight / yspan srx1 = llx * self.xscale sry1 = -ury * self.yscale srx2 = self.canvwidth + srx1 sry2 = self.canvheight + sry1 self._setscrollregion(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2) self._rescale(self.xscale/oldxscale, self.yscale/oldyscale) self.update() def register_shape(self, name, shape=None): """Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist. Arguments: (1) name is the name of an image file (PNG, GIF, PGM, and PPM) and shape is None. Installs the corresponding image shape. !! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle, !! so they do not display the heading of the turtle! (2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is the name of an image file (PNG, GIF, PGM, and PPM). Installs the corresponding image shape. !! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle, !! so they do not display the heading of the turtle! (3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding polygon shape (4) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding compound shape. To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename). call: register_shape("turtle.gif") --or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10))) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3))) """ if shape is None: shape = Shape("image", self._image(name)) elif isinstance(shape, str): shape = Shape("image", self._image(shape)) elif isinstance(shape, tuple): shape = Shape("polygon", shape) ## else shape assumed to be Shape-instance self._shapes[name] = shape def _colorstr(self, color): """Return color string corresponding to args. Argument may be a string or a tuple of three numbers corresponding to actual colormode, i.e. in the range 0<=n<=colormode. If the argument doesn't represent a color, an error is raised. """ if len(color) == 1: color = color[0] if isinstance(color, str): if self._iscolorstring(color) or color == "": return color else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color string: %s" % str(color)) try: r, g, b = color except (TypeError, ValueError): raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(color)) if self._colormode == 1.0: r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)] if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)): raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(color)) return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b) def _color(self, cstr): if not cstr.startswith("#"): return cstr if len(cstr) == 7: cl = [int(cstr[i:i+2], 16) for i in (1, 3, 5)] elif len(cstr) == 4: cl = [16*int(cstr[h], 16) for h in cstr[1:]] else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad colorstring: %s" % cstr) return tuple(c * self._colormode/255 for c in cl) def colormode(self, cmode=None): """Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Optional argument: cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255 r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.colormode() 1.0 >>> screen.colormode(255) >>> pencolor(240,160,80) """ if cmode is None: return self._colormode if cmode == 1.0: self._colormode = float(cmode) elif cmode == 255: self._colormode = int(cmode) def reset(self): """Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state. No argument. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.reset() """ for turtle in self._turtles: turtle._setmode(self._mode) turtle.reset() def turtles(self): """Return the list of turtles on the screen. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.turtles() [] """ return self._turtles def bgcolor(self, *args): """Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. Four input formats are allowed: - bgcolor() Return the current background color as color specification string or as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor/bgcolor call. - bgcolor(colorstring) Set the background color to colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string, such as "red", "yellow", or "#33cc8c". - bgcolor((r, g, b)) Set the background color to the RGB color represented by the tuple of r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see colormode()). - bgcolor(r, g, b) Set the background color to the RGB color represented by r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bgcolor("orange") >>> screen.bgcolor() 'orange' >>> colormode(255) >>> screen.bgcolor('#800080') >>> screen.bgcolor() (128.0, 0.0, 128.0) """ if args: color = self._colorstr(args) else: color = None color = self._bgcolor(color) if color is not None: color = self._color(color) return color def tracer(self, n=None, delay=None): """Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. Optional arguments: n -- nonnegative integer delay -- nonnegative integer If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): ... fd(dist) ... rt(90) ... dist += 2 """ if n is None: return self._tracing self._tracing = int(n) self._updatecounter = 0 if delay is not None: self._delayvalue = int(delay) if self._tracing: self.update() def delay(self, delay=None): """Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds. Optional argument: delay -- positive integer Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.delay(15) >>> screen.delay() 15 """ if delay is None: return self._delayvalue self._delayvalue = int(delay) @contextmanager def no_animation(self): """Temporarily turn off auto-updating the screen. This is useful for drawing complex shapes where even the fastest setting is too slow. Once this context manager is exited, the drawing will be displayed. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen and a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> with screen.no_animation(): ... turtle.circle(50) """ tracer = self.tracer() try: self.tracer(0) yield finally: self.tracer(tracer) def _incrementudc(self): """Increment update counter.""" if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True raise Terminator if self._tracing > 0: self._updatecounter += 1 self._updatecounter %= self._tracing def update(self): """Perform a TurtleScreen update.""" tracing = self._tracing self._tracing = True for t in self.turtles(): t._update_data() t._drawturtle() self._tracing = tracing self._update() def window_width(self): """Return the width of the turtle window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.window_width() 640 """ return self._window_size()[0] def window_height(self): """Return the height of the turtle window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.window_height() 480 """ return self._window_size()[1] def getcanvas(self): """Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. No argument. Example (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> cv = screen.getcanvas() >>> cv """ return self.cv def getshapes(self): """Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes. No argument. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.getshapes() ['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle'] """ return sorted(self._shapes.keys()) def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen) >>> screen.onclick(goto) >>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will >>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point. >>> screen.onclick(None) """ self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add) def onkey(self, fun, key): """Bind fun to key-release event of key. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen.) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, consequently drawing a hexagon """ if fun is None: if key in self._keys: self._keys.remove(key) elif key not in self._keys: self._keys.append(key) self._onkeyrelease(fun, key) def onkeypress(self, fun, key=None): """Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given, or to any key-press-event if no key is given. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen.) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen and a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... >>> screen.onkeypress(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, or by keeping pressed the up-arrow key. consequently drawing a hexagon. """ if fun is None: if key in self._keys: self._keys.remove(key) elif key is not None and key not in self._keys: self._keys.append(key) self._onkeypress(fun, key) def listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None): """Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events) No arguments. Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass listen to the onclick method. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.listen() """ self._listen() def ontimer(self, fun, t=0): """Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments. t -- a number >= 0 Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> running = True >>> def f(): ... if running: ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... screen.ontimer(f, 250) ... >>> f() # makes the turtle marching around >>> running = False """ self._ontimer(fun, t) def bgpic(self, picname=None): """Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. Optional argument: picname -- a string, name of an image file (PNG, GIF, PGM, and PPM) or "nopic". If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present. If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bgpic() 'nopic' >>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif") >>> screen.bgpic() 'landscape.gif' """ if picname is None: return self._bgpicname if picname not in self._bgpics: self._bgpics[picname] = self._image(picname) self._setbgpic(self._bgpic, self._bgpics[picname]) self._bgpicname = picname def screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None): """Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Optional arguments: canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels bg -- colorstring or color-tuple, new backgroundcolor If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight) Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500) >>> # e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-) """ return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg) def save(self, filename, *, overwrite=False): """Save the drawing as a PostScript file Arguments: filename -- a string, the path of the created file. Must end with '.ps' or '.eps'. Optional arguments: overwrite -- boolean, if true, then existing files will be overwritten Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.save('my_drawing.eps') """ filename = Path(filename) if not filename.parent.exists(): raise FileNotFoundError( f"The directory '{filename.parent}' does not exist." " Cannot save to it." ) if not overwrite and filename.exists(): raise FileExistsError( f"The file '{filename}' already exists. To overwrite it use" " the 'overwrite=True' argument of the save function." ) if (ext := filename.suffix) not in {".ps", ".eps"}: raise ValueError( f"Unknown file extension: '{ext}'," " must be one of {'.ps', '.eps'}" ) postscript = self.cv.postscript() filename.write_text(postscript) onscreenclick = onclick resetscreen = reset clearscreen = clear addshape = register_shape onkeyrelease = onkey class TNavigator: """The navigation part of RawTurtle. Implements methods for turtle movement. """ START_ORIENTATION = { "standard": Vec2D(1.0, 0.0), "world" : Vec2D(1.0, 0.0), "logo" : Vec2D(0.0, 1.0), } DEFAULT_MODE = "standard" DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0 DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1 def __init__(self, mode=DEFAULT_MODE): self._angleOffset = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET self._angleOrient = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT self._mode = mode self.undobuffer = None self.degrees() self._mode = None self._setmode(mode) TNavigator.reset(self) def reset(self): """Reset turtle to its initial values. Will be overwritten by the parent class. """ self._position = Vec2D(0.0, 0.0) self._orient = TNavigator.START_ORIENTATION[self._mode] def _setmode(self, mode=None): """Set the turtle's mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'.""" if mode is None: return self._mode if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]: return self._mode = mode if mode in ["standard", "world"]: self._angleOffset = 0 self._angleOrient = 1 else: # mode == "logo": self._angleOffset = self._fullcircle/4. self._angleOrient = -1 def _setDegreesPerAU(self, fullcircle): """Helper function for degrees() and radians().""" self._fullcircle = fullcircle self._degreesPerAU = 360/fullcircle if self._mode == "standard": self._angleOffset = 0 else: self._angleOffset = fullcircle/4. def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0): """Set the angle measurement units to degrees. The number of degrees in a full circle is set to fullcircle, which defaults to 360. Argument: fullcircle -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0 >>> # Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon, >>> # grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.) >>> turtle.degrees(400.0) >>> turtle.heading() 100.0 >>> turtle.degrees(360) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0 """ self._setDegreesPerAU(fullcircle) def radians(self): """Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to degrees(2 * math.pi). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0 >>> turtle.radians() >>> turtle.heading() 1.5707963267948966 """ self._setDegreesPerAU(math.tau) def _go(self, distance): """Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.""" ende = self._position + self._orient * distance self._goto(ende) def _rotate(self, angle): """Turn the turtle counterclockwise by specified angle, if the angle > 0.""" angle *= self._degreesPerAU self._orient = self._orient.rotate(angle) def _goto(self, end): """Move the turtle to the end position.""" self._position = end def teleport(self, x=None, y=None, *, fill_gap: bool = False) -> None: """To be overwritten by child class RawTurtle. Includes no TPen references.""" new_x = x if x is not None else self._position[0] new_y = y if y is not None else self._position[1] self._position = Vec2D(new_x, new_y) def forward(self, distance): """Move the turtle forward by the specified distance. Aliases: forward | fd The turtle moves in the direction it is headed. Argument: distance -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.forward(25) >>> turtle.position() (25.00,0.00) >>> turtle.forward(-75) >>> turtle.position() (-50.00,0.00) """ self._go(distance) def back(self, distance): """Move the turtle backward by distance. Aliases: back | backward | bk The turtle moves opposite to the direction it is headed. The turtle's heading does not change. Argument: distance -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.backward(30) >>> turtle.position() (-30.00,0.00) """ self._go(-distance) def right(self, angle): """Turn the turtle right by the specified angle. Aliases: right | rt The angle is measured in degrees by default; the unit can be changed with degrees() or radians(). How the heading is measured depends on the turtle mode, see mode(). Argument: angle -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.right(45) >>> turtle.heading() 337.0 """ self._rotate(-angle) def left(self, angle): """Turn the turtle left by the specified angle. Aliases: left | lt The angle is measured in degrees by default; the unit can be changed with degrees() or radians(). How the heading is measured depends on the turtle mode, see mode(). Argument: angle -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.left(45) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0 """ self._rotate(angle) def pos(self): """Return the turtle's current location (x,y) as a Vec2D vector. Aliases: pos | position Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pos() (0.00,240.00) """ return self._position def xcor(self): """Return the turtle's x coordinate. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(50) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> print(round(turtle.xcor(), 5)) 64.27876 """ return self._position[0] def ycor(self): """Return the turtle's y coordinate Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> reset() >>> turtle.left(60) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> print(round(turtle.ycor(), 5)) 86.60254 """ return self._position[1] def goto(self, x, y=None): """Move the turtle to an absolute position. Aliases: goto | setpos | setposition If y is None, x must be a pair of coordinates or a Vec2D, for example as returned by pos(). If the pen is down, a line is drawn. The turtle's heading does not change. Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers y -- a number or None Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> tp = turtle.pos() >>> tp (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.goto(60,30) >>> turtle.pos() (60.00,30.00) >>> turtle.goto((20,80)) >>> turtle.pos() (20.00,80.00) >>> turtle.goto(tp) >>> turtle.pos() (0.00,0.00) """ if y is None: self._goto(Vec2D(*x)) else: self._goto(Vec2D(x, y)) def home(self): """Move the turtle to the origin, coordinates (0,0). The turtle's heading is set to its start orientation, which depends on the turtle mode, see mode(). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 90.0 >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-10.00) >>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0 """ self.goto(0, 0) self.setheading(0) def setx(self, x): """Set the turtle's x coordinate to x. The y coordinate is unchanged. Argument: x -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00,240.00) >>> turtle.setx(10) >>> turtle.position() (10.00,240.00) """ self._goto(Vec2D(x, self._position[1])) def sety(self, y): """Set the turtle's y coordinate to y. The x coordinate is unchanged. Argument: y -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00,40.00) >>> turtle.sety(-10) >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-10.00) """ self._goto(Vec2D(self._position[0], y)) def distance(self, x, y=None): """Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units. If y is None, x must be a pair of coordinates, a Vec2D, for example as returned by pos(), or another turtle. Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y -- a number if x is a number, else None Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.distance(30,40) 50.0 >>> turtle.distance((30,40)) 50.0 >>> joe = Turtle() >>> joe.forward(77) >>> turtle.distance(joe) 77.0 """ if y is not None: pos = Vec2D(x, y) if isinstance(x, Vec2D): pos = x elif isinstance(x, tuple): pos = Vec2D(*x) elif isinstance(x, TNavigator): pos = x._position return abs(pos - self._position) def towards(self, x, y=None): """Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x,y). If y is None, x must be a pair of coordinates, a Vec2D, for example as returned by pos(), or another turtle. The angle is measured from the turtle's start orientation, which depends on the turtle mode, see mode(). Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y -- a number if x is a number, else None Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.goto(10, 10) >>> turtle.towards(0,0) 225.0 """ if y is not None: pos = Vec2D(x, y) if isinstance(x, Vec2D): pos = x elif isinstance(x, tuple): pos = Vec2D(*x) elif isinstance(x, TNavigator): pos = x._position x, y = pos - self._position result = round(math.degrees(math.atan2(y, x)), 10) % 360.0 result /= self._degreesPerAU return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle def heading(self): """Return the turtle's current heading. The value depends on the turtle mode, see mode(). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.home() >>> turtle.left(67) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0 """ x, y = self._orient result = round(math.degrees(math.atan2(y, x)), 10) % 360.0 result /= self._degreesPerAU return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle def setheading(self, to_angle): """Set the turtle's heading to to_angle. Aliases: setheading | seth Here are some common directions in degrees: standard mode logo mode -------------------|--------------- 0 - east 0 - north 90 - north 90 - east 180 - west 180 - south 270 - south 270 - west Argument: to_angle -- a number Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.setheading(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90.0 """ angle = (to_angle - self.heading()) * self._angleOrient full = self._fullcircle angle = (angle+full/2.)%full - full/2. self._rotate(angle) def circle(self, radius, extent = None, steps = None): """Draw a circle with the given radius. The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent, an angle, determines which part of the circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in the counterclockwise direction if radius is positive, otherwise in the clockwise direction. Finally, the turtle's heading is changed by extent. As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons. Arguments: radius -- a number extent -- a number or None steps -- an integer or None Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.circle(50) >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # draw a semicircle """ if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) self.undobuffer.cumulate = True speed = self.speed() if extent is None: extent = self._fullcircle if steps is None: frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac) w = 1.0 * extent / steps w2 = 0.5 * w l = 2.0 * radius * math.sin(math.radians(w2)*self._degreesPerAU) if radius < 0: l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2 tr = self._tracer() dl = self._delay() if speed == 0: self._tracer(0, 0) else: self.speed(0) self._rotate(w2) for i in range(steps): self.speed(speed) self._go(l) self.speed(0) self._rotate(w) self._rotate(-w2) if speed == 0: self._tracer(tr, dl) self.speed(speed) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.cumulate = False # Three dummy methods to be implemented by the child class: def speed(self, s=0): """Dummy method - to be overwritten by the child class.""" def _tracer(self, a=None, b=None): """Dummy method - to be overwritten by the child class.""" def _delay(self, n=None): """Dummy method - to be overwritten by the child class.""" # Aliases for the commonly used commands: fd = forward bk = back backward = back rt = right lt = left position = pos setpos = goto setposition = goto seth = setheading class TPen: """Drawing part of the RawTurtle. Implements drawing properties. """ def __init__(self, resizemode=_CFG["resizemode"]): self._resizemode = resizemode # or "user" or "noresize" self.undobuffer = None TPen._reset(self) def _reset(self, pencolor=_CFG["pencolor"], fillcolor=_CFG["fillcolor"]): self._pensize = 1 self._shown = True self._pencolor = pencolor self._fillcolor = fillcolor self._drawing = True self._speed = 3 self._stretchfactor = (1., 1.) self._shearfactor = 0. self._tilt = 0. self._shapetrafo = (1., 0., 0., 1.) self._outlinewidth = 1 def resizemode(self, rmode=None): """Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize". (Optional) Argument: rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize" Different resizemodes have the following effects: - "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize. - "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by shapesize() - "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place. If no argument is given, return current resizemode. resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.resizemode("noresize") >>> turtle.resizemode() 'noresize' """ if rmode is None: return self._resizemode rmode = rmode.lower() if rmode in ["auto", "user", "noresize"]: self.pen(resizemode=rmode) def pensize(self, width=None): """Set or return the line thickness. Aliases: pensize | width Argument: width -- positive number Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize is returned. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pensize() 1 >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn """ if width is None: return self._pensize self.pen(pensize=width) def penup(self): """Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. Aliases: penup | pu | up No argument Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.penup() """ if not self._drawing: return self.pen(pendown=False) def pendown(self): """Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving. Aliases: pendown | pd | down No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pendown() """ if self._drawing: return self.pen(pendown=True) def isdown(self): """Return True if pen is down, False if it's up. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.penup() >>> turtle.isdown() False >>> turtle.pendown() >>> turtle.isdown() True """ return self._drawing def speed(self, speed=None): """ Return or set the turtle's speed. Optional argument: speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below) Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10. If no argument is given: return current speed. If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way: 'fastest' : 0 'fast' : 10 'normal' : 6 'slow' : 3 'slowest' : 1 speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning. Attention: speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.speed(3) """ speeds = {'fastest':0, 'fast':10, 'normal':6, 'slow':3, 'slowest':1 } if speed is None: return self._speed if speed in speeds: speed = speeds[speed] elif 0.5 < speed < 10.5: speed = int(round(speed)) else: speed = 0 self.pen(speed=speed) def color(self, *args): """Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor. Arguments: Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as follows: - color() Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color specification strings or tuples as returned by pencolor() and fillcolor(). - color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b) Inputs as in pencolor(), set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the given value. - color(colorstring1, colorstring2), color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2)) Equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2) and analogously if the other input format is used. If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set colors. For more info see: pencolor, fillcolor Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color('red', 'green') >>> turtle.color() ('red', 'green') >>> colormode(255) >>> color(('#285078', '#a0c8f0')) >>> color() ((40.0, 80.0, 120.0), (160.0, 200.0, 240.0)) """ if args: l = len(args) if l == 1: pcolor = fcolor = args[0] elif l == 2: pcolor, fcolor = args elif l == 3: pcolor = fcolor = args pcolor = self._colorstr(pcolor) fcolor = self._colorstr(fcolor) self.pen(pencolor=pcolor, fillcolor=fcolor) else: return self._color(self._pencolor), self._color(self._fillcolor) def pencolor(self, *args): """ Return or set the pencolor. Arguments: Four input formats are allowed: - pencolor() Return the current pencolor as color specification string or as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor/bgcolor call. - pencolor(colorstring) Set pencolor to colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string, such as "red", "yellow", or "#33cc8c". - pencolor((r, g, b)) Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see colormode()). - pencolor(r, g, b) Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode. If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the newly set pencolor. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pencolor('brown') >>> turtle.pencolor() 'brown' >>> colormode(255) >>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f') >>> turtle.pencolor() (50.0, 193.0, 143.0) """ if args: color = self._colorstr(args) if color == self._pencolor: return self.pen(pencolor=color) else: return self._color(self._pencolor) def fillcolor(self, *args): """ Return or set the fillcolor. Arguments: Four input formats are allowed: - fillcolor() Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor/bgcolor call. - fillcolor(colorstring) Set fillcolor to colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string, such as "red", "yellow", or "#33cc8c". - fillcolor((r, g, b)) Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see colormode()). - fillcolor(r, g, b) Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by r, g, and b. Each of r, g, and b must be in the range 0..colormode. If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set fillcolor. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.fillcolor('violet') >>> turtle.fillcolor() 'violet' >>> colormode(255) >>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff') >>> turtle.fillcolor() (255.0, 255.0, 255.0) """ if args: color = self._colorstr(args) if color == self._fillcolor: return self.pen(fillcolor=color) else: return self._color(self._fillcolor) def teleport(self, x=None, y=None, *, fill_gap: bool = False) -> None: """To be overwritten by child class RawTurtle. Includes no TNavigator references. """ pendown = self.isdown() if pendown: self.pen(pendown=False) self.pen(pendown=pendown) def showturtle(self): """Makes the turtle visible. Aliases: showturtle | st No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() >>> turtle.showturtle() """ self.pen(shown=True) def hideturtle(self): """Makes the turtle invisible. Aliases: hideturtle | ht No argument. It's a good idea to do this while you're in the middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the drawing observably. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() """ self.pen(shown=False) def isvisible(self): """Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() >>> print(turtle.isvisible()) False """ return self._shown def pen(self, pen=None, **pendict): """Return or set the pen's attributes. Arguments: pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys. **pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords. Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary' with the following key/value pairs: "shown" : True/False "pendown" : True/False "pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple "fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple "pensize" : positive number "speed" : number in range 0..10 "resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize" "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number) "shearfactor": number "outline" : positive number "tilt" : number This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10) >>> turtle.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} >>> penstate=turtle.pen() >>> turtle.color("yellow","") >>> turtle.penup() >>> turtle.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} >>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green") >>> p.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} """ _pd = {"shown" : self._shown, "pendown" : self._drawing, "pencolor" : self._pencolor, "fillcolor" : self._fillcolor, "pensize" : self._pensize, "speed" : self._speed, "resizemode" : self._resizemode, "stretchfactor" : self._stretchfactor, "shearfactor" : self._shearfactor, "outline" : self._outlinewidth, "tilt" : self._tilt } if not (pen or pendict): return _pd if isinstance(pen, dict): p = pen else: p = {} p.update(pendict) _p_buf = {} for key in p: _p_buf[key] = _pd[key] if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("pen", _p_buf)) newLine = False if "pendown" in p: if self._drawing != p["pendown"]: newLine = True if "pencolor" in p: if isinstance(p["pencolor"], tuple): p["pencolor"] = self._colorstr((p["pencolor"],)) if self._pencolor != p["pencolor"]: newLine = True if "pensize" in p: if self._pensize != p["pensize"]: newLine = True if newLine: self._newLine() if "pendown" in p: self._drawing = p["pendown"] if "pencolor" in p: self._pencolor = p["pencolor"] if "pensize" in p: self._pensize = p["pensize"] if "fillcolor" in p: if isinstance(p["fillcolor"], tuple): p["fillcolor"] = self._colorstr((p["fillcolor"],)) self._fillcolor = p["fillcolor"] if "speed" in p: self._speed = p["speed"] if "resizemode" in p: self._resizemode = p["resizemode"] if "stretchfactor" in p: sf = p["stretchfactor"] if isinstance(sf, (int, float)): sf = (sf, sf) self._stretchfactor = sf if "shearfactor" in p: self._shearfactor = p["shearfactor"] if "outline" in p: self._outlinewidth = p["outline"] if "shown" in p: self._shown = p["shown"] if "tilt" in p: self._tilt = p["tilt"] if "stretchfactor" in p or "tilt" in p or "shearfactor" in p: scx, scy = self._stretchfactor shf = self._shearfactor sa, ca = math.sin(self._tilt), math.cos(self._tilt) self._shapetrafo = ( scx*ca, scy*(shf*ca + sa), -scx*sa, scy*(ca - shf*sa)) self._update() ## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class: def _newLine(self, usePos = True): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _update(self, count=True, forced=False): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _color(self, args): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _colorstr(self, args): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" width = pensize up = penup pu = penup pd = pendown down = pendown st = showturtle ht = hideturtle class _TurtleImage: """Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes """ def __init__(self, screen, shapeIndex): self.screen = screen self._type = None self._setshape(shapeIndex) def _setshape(self, shapeIndex): screen = self.screen self.shapeIndex = shapeIndex if self._type == "polygon" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type: return if self._type == "image" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type: return if self._type in ["image", "polygon"]: screen._delete(self._item) elif self._type == "compound": for item in self._item: screen._delete(item) self._type = screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type if self._type == "polygon": self._item = screen._createpoly() elif self._type == "image": self._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data) elif self._type == "compound": self._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._data] class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): """Animation part of the RawTurtle. Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for its animation. """ screens = [] def __init__(self, canvas=None, shape=_CFG["shape"], undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"], visible=_CFG["visible"]): if isinstance(canvas, _Screen): self.screen = canvas elif isinstance(canvas, TurtleScreen): if canvas not in RawTurtle.screens: RawTurtle.screens.append(canvas) self.screen = canvas elif isinstance(canvas, (ScrolledCanvas, Canvas)): for screen in RawTurtle.screens: if screen.cv == canvas: self.screen = screen break else: self.screen = TurtleScreen(canvas) RawTurtle.screens.append(self.screen) else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad canvas argument %s" % canvas) screen = self.screen TNavigator.__init__(self, screen.mode()) TPen.__init__(self) screen._turtles.append(self) self.drawingLineItem = screen._createline() self.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, shape) self._poly = None self._creatingPoly = False self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None self._shown = visible self._hidden_from_screen = False self.currentLineItem = screen._createline() self.currentLine = [self._position] self.items = [self.currentLineItem] self.stampItems = [] self._undobuffersize = undobuffersize self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(undobuffersize) self._update() def reset(self): """Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values. No argument. Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-22.00) >>> turtle.heading() 100.0 >>> turtle.reset() >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0 """ TNavigator.reset(self) TPen._reset(self) self._clear() self._drawturtle() self._update() def setundobuffer(self, size): """Set or disable undobuffer. Argument: size -- an integer or None If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone by the undo() function. If size is None, no undobuffer is present. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42) """ if size is None or size <= 0: self.undobuffer = None else: self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(size) def undobufferentries(self): """Return count of entries in the undobuffer. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> while undobufferentries(): ... undo() """ if self.undobuffer is None: return 0 return self.undobuffer.nr_of_items() def _clear(self): """Delete all of pen's drawings""" self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None for item in self.items: self.screen._delete(item) self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline() self.currentLine = [] if self._drawing: self.currentLine.append(self._position) self.items = [self.currentLineItem] self.clearstamps() self.setundobuffer(self._undobuffersize) def clear(self): """Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. No arguments. Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.clear() """ self._clear() self._update() def _update_data(self): self.screen._incrementudc() if self.screen._updatecounter != 0: return if len(self.currentLine)>1: self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine, self._pencolor, self._pensize) def _update(self): """Perform a Turtle-data update. """ screen = self.screen if screen._tracing == 0: return elif screen._tracing == 1: self._update_data() self._drawturtle() screen._update() # TurtleScreenBase screen._delay(screen._delayvalue) # TurtleScreenBase else: self._update_data() if screen._updatecounter == 0: for t in screen.turtles(): t._drawturtle() screen._update() def _tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None): """Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. Optional arguments: n -- nonnegative integer delay -- nonnegative integer If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): ... turtle.fd(dist) ... turtle.rt(90) ... dist += 2 """ return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay) def _color(self, args): return self.screen._color(args) def _colorstr(self, args): return self.screen._colorstr(args) def _cc(self, args): """Convert colortriples to hexstrings. """ if isinstance(args, str): return args try: r, g, b = args except (TypeError, ValueError): raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(args)) if self.screen._colormode == 1.0: r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)] if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)): raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(args)) return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b) def teleport(self, x=None, y=None, *, fill_gap: bool = False) -> None: """Instantly move turtle to an absolute position. Arguments: x -- a number or None y -- a number None fill_gap -- a boolean This argument must be specified by name. call: teleport(x, y) # two coordinates --or: teleport(x) # teleport to x position, keeping y as is --or: teleport(y=y) # teleport to y position, keeping x as is --or: teleport(x, y, fill_gap=True) # teleport but fill the gap in between Move turtle to an absolute position. Unlike goto(x, y), a line will not be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change. If currently filling, the polygon(s) teleported from will be filled after leaving, and filling will begin again after teleporting. This can be disabled with fill_gap=True, which makes the imaginary line traveled during teleporting act as a fill barrier like in goto(x, y). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> tp = turtle.pos() >>> tp (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.teleport(60) >>> turtle.pos() (60.00,0.00) >>> turtle.teleport(y=10) >>> turtle.pos() (60.00,10.00) >>> turtle.teleport(20, 30) >>> turtle.pos() (20.00,30.00) """ pendown = self.isdown() was_filling = self.filling() if pendown: self.pen(pendown=False) if was_filling and not fill_gap: self.end_fill() new_x = x if x is not None else self._position[0] new_y = y if y is not None else self._position[1] self._position = Vec2D(new_x, new_y) self.pen(pendown=pendown) if was_filling and not fill_gap: self.begin_fill() def clone(self): """Create and return a clone of the turtle. No argument. Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and turtle properties. Example (for a Turtle instance named mick): mick = Turtle() joe = mick.clone() """ screen = self.screen self._newLine(self._drawing) turtle = self.turtle self.screen = None self.turtle = None # too make self deepcopy-able q = deepcopy(self) self.screen = screen self.turtle = turtle q.screen = screen q.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, self.turtle.shapeIndex) screen._turtles.append(q) ttype = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._type if ttype == "polygon": q.turtle._item = screen._createpoly() elif ttype == "image": q.turtle._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data) elif ttype == "compound": q.turtle._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex]._data] q.currentLineItem = screen._createline() q._update() return q def shape(self, name=None): """Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename. Optional argument: name -- a string, which is a valid shapename Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given, return name of current shape. Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'. To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape() 'arrow' >>> turtle.shape("turtle") >>> turtle.shape() 'turtle' """ if name is None: return self.turtle.shapeIndex if not name in self.screen.getshapes(): raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape named %s" % name) self.turtle._setshape(name) self._update() def shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None): """Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user". Optional arguments: stretch_wid : positive number stretch_len : positive number outline : positive number Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set resizemode to "user". If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation. outline determines the width of the shapes's outline. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.resizemode("user") >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12) >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8) """ if stretch_wid is stretch_len is outline is None: stretch_wid, stretch_len = self._stretchfactor return stretch_wid, stretch_len, self._outlinewidth if stretch_wid == 0 or stretch_len == 0: raise TurtleGraphicsError("stretch_wid/stretch_len must not be zero") if stretch_wid is not None: if stretch_len is None: stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_wid else: stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_len elif stretch_len is not None: stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor[0], stretch_len else: stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor if outline is None: outline = self._outlinewidth self.pen(resizemode="user", stretchfactor=stretchfactor, outline=outline) def shearfactor(self, shear=None): """Set or return the current shearfactor. Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the heading of the turtle are sheared. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5) >>> turtle.shearfactor() >>> 0.5 """ if shear is None: return self._shearfactor self.pen(resizemode="user", shearfactor=shear) def tiltangle(self, angle=None): """Set or return the current tilt-angle. Optional argument: angle -- number Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle (its direction of movement). Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 2) >>> turtle.tiltangle() 0.0 >>> turtle.tiltangle(45) >>> turtle.tiltangle() 45.0 >>> turtle.stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.tiltangle(-45) >>> turtle.tiltangle() 315.0 >>> turtle.stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) """ if angle is None: tilt = -math.degrees(self._tilt) * self._angleOrient return (tilt / self._degreesPerAU) % self._fullcircle else: tilt = -angle * self._degreesPerAU * self._angleOrient tilt = math.radians(tilt) % math.tau self.pen(resizemode="user", tilt=tilt) def tilt(self, angle): """Rotate the turtleshape by angle. Argument: angle - a number Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50) """ self.tiltangle(angle + self.tiltangle()) def shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None): """Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape. Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers. If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation matrix. Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and second row t21, 22. Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the given matrix. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5) >>> turtle.shapetransform() (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0) """ if t11 is t12 is t21 is t22 is None: return self._shapetrafo m11, m12, m21, m22 = self._shapetrafo if t11 is not None: m11 = t11 if t12 is not None: m12 = t12 if t21 is not None: m21 = t21 if t22 is not None: m22 = t22 if t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 == 0: raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad shape transform matrix: must not be singular") self._shapetrafo = (m11, m12, m21, m22) alfa = math.atan2(-m21, m11) % math.tau sa, ca = math.sin(alfa), math.cos(alfa) a11, a12, a21, a22 = (ca*m11 - sa*m21, ca*m12 - sa*m22, sa*m11 + ca*m21, sa*m12 + ca*m22) self._stretchfactor = a11, a22 self._shearfactor = a12/a22 self._tilt = alfa self.pen(resizemode="user") def _polytrafo(self, poly): """Computes transformed polygon shapes from a shape according to current position and heading. """ screen = self.screen p0, p1 = self._position e0, e1 = self._orient e = Vec2D(e0, e1 * screen.yscale / screen.xscale) e0, e1 = (1.0 / abs(e)) * e return [(p0+(e1*x+e0*y)/screen.xscale, p1+(-e0*x+e1*y)/screen.yscale) for (x, y) in poly] def get_shapepoly(self): """Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. No argument. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2) >>> turtle.get_shapepoly() ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20)) """ shape = self.screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex] if shape._type == "polygon": return self._getshapepoly(shape._data, shape._type == "compound") # else return None def _getshapepoly(self, polygon, compound=False): """Calculate transformed shape polygon according to resizemode and shapetransform. """ if self._resizemode == "user" or compound: t11, t12, t21, t22 = self._shapetrafo elif self._resizemode == "auto": l = max(1, self._pensize/5.0) t11, t12, t21, t22 = l, 0, 0, l elif self._resizemode == "noresize": return polygon return tuple((t11*x + t12*y, t21*x + t22*y) for (x, y) in polygon) def _drawturtle(self): """Manages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc.""" screen = self.screen shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex] ttype = shape._type titem = self.turtle._item if self._shown and screen._updatecounter == 0 and screen._tracing > 0: self._hidden_from_screen = False tshape = shape._data if ttype == "polygon": if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1 elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize else: w =self._outlinewidth shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape)) fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor screen._drawpoly(titem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc, width=w, top=True) elif ttype == "image": screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, tshape) elif ttype == "compound": for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(titem, tshape): poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True)) screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc), outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True) else: if self._hidden_from_screen: return if ttype == "polygon": screen._drawpoly(titem, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "") elif ttype == "image": screen._drawimage(titem, self._position, screen._shapes["blank"]._data) elif ttype == "compound": for item in titem: screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), "", "") self._hidden_from_screen = True ############################## stamp stuff ############################### def stamp(self): """Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id. No argument. Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("blue") >>> turtle.stamp() 13 >>> turtle.fd(50) """ screen = self.screen shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex] ttype = shape._type tshape = shape._data if ttype == "polygon": stitem = screen._createpoly() if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1 elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize else: w =self._outlinewidth shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape)) fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor screen._drawpoly(stitem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc, width=w, top=True) elif ttype == "image": stitem = screen._createimage("") screen._drawimage(stitem, self._position, tshape) elif ttype == "compound": stitem = [] for element in tshape: item = screen._createpoly() stitem.append(item) stitem = tuple(stitem) for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(stitem, tshape): poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True)) screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc), outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True) self.stampItems.append(stitem) self.undobuffer.push(("stamp", stitem)) return stitem def _clearstamp(self, stampid): """does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps() """ if stampid in self.stampItems: if isinstance(stampid, tuple): for subitem in stampid: self.screen._delete(subitem) else: self.screen._delete(stampid) self.stampItems.remove(stampid) # Delete stampitem from undobuffer if necessary # if clearstamp is called directly. item = ("stamp", stampid) buf = self.undobuffer if item not in buf.buffer: return index = buf.buffer.index(item) buf.buffer.remove(item) if index <= buf.ptr: buf.ptr = (buf.ptr - 1) % buf.bufsize buf.buffer.insert((buf.ptr+1)%buf.bufsize, [None]) def clearstamp(self, stampid): """Delete stamp with given stampid Argument: stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("blue") >>> astamp = turtle.stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp) """ self._clearstamp(stampid) self._update() def clearstamps(self, n=None): """Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps. Optional argument: n -- an integer If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps, else if n > 0 delete first n stamps else if n < 0 delete last n stamps. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> for i in range(8): ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) ... >>> turtle.clearstamps(2) >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2) >>> turtle.clearstamps() """ if n is None: toDelete = self.stampItems[:] elif n >= 0: toDelete = self.stampItems[:n] else: toDelete = self.stampItems[n:] for item in toDelete: self._clearstamp(item) self._update() def _goto(self, end): """Move the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line if pen is down. All other methods for turtle movement depend on this one. """ ## Version with undo-stuff go_modes = ( self._drawing, self._pencolor, self._pensize, isinstance(self._fillpath, list)) screen = self.screen undo_entry = ("go", self._position, end, go_modes, (self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine[:], screen._pointlist(self.currentLineItem), self.items[:]) ) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(undo_entry) start = self._position if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1: diff = (end-start) diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2 nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed)) delta = diff * (1.0/nhops) for n in range(1, nhops): if n == 1: top = True else: top = False self._position = start + delta * n if self._drawing: screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, (start, self._position), self._pencolor, self._pensize, top) self._update() if self._drawing: screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)), fill="", width=self._pensize) # Turtle now at end, if self._drawing: # now update currentLine self.currentLine.append(end) if isinstance(self._fillpath, list): self._fillpath.append(end) ###### vererbung!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! self._position = end if self._creatingPoly: self._poly.append(end) if len(self.currentLine) > 42: # 42! answer to the ultimate question # of life, the universe and everything self._newLine() self._update() #count=True) def _undogoto(self, entry): """Reverse a _goto. Used for undo() """ old, new, go_modes, coodata = entry drawing, pc, ps, filling = go_modes cLI, cL, pl, items = coodata screen = self.screen if abs(self._position - new) > 0.5: print ("undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!") # restore former situation self.currentLineItem = cLI self.currentLine = cL if pl == [(0, 0), (0, 0)]: usepc = "" else: usepc = pc screen._drawline(cLI, pl, fill=usepc, width=ps) todelete = [i for i in self.items if (i not in items) and (screen._type(i) == "line")] for i in todelete: screen._delete(i) self.items.remove(i) start = old if self._speed and screen._tracing == 1: diff = old - new diffsq = (diff[0]*screen.xscale)**2 + (diff[1]*screen.yscale)**2 nhops = 1+int((diffsq**0.5)/(3*(1.1**self._speed)*self._speed)) delta = diff * (1.0/nhops) for n in range(1, nhops): if n == 1: top = True else: top = False self._position = new + delta * n if drawing: screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, (start, self._position), pc, ps, top) self._update() if drawing: screen._drawline(self.drawingLineItem, ((0, 0), (0, 0)), fill="", width=ps) # Turtle now at position old, self._position = old ## if undo is done during creating a polygon, the last vertex ## will be deleted. if the polygon is entirely deleted, ## creatingPoly will be set to False. ## Polygons created before the last one will not be affected by undo() if self._creatingPoly: if len(self._poly) > 0: self._poly.pop() if self._poly == []: self._creatingPoly = False self._poly = None if filling: if self._fillpath == []: self._fillpath = None print("Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!") elif self._fillpath is not None: self._fillpath.pop() self._update() #count=True) def _rotate(self, angle): """Turns pen clockwise by angle. """ if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("rot", angle, self._degreesPerAU)) angle *= self._degreesPerAU neworient = self._orient.rotate(angle) tracing = self.screen._tracing if tracing == 1 and self._speed > 0: anglevel = 3.0 * self._speed steps = 1 + int(abs(angle)/anglevel) delta = 1.0*angle/steps for _ in range(steps): self._orient = self._orient.rotate(delta) self._update() self._orient = neworient self._update() def _newLine(self, usePos=True): """Closes the current line item and starts a new one. If the current line becomes too long, animation performance (via _drawline) can slow down considerably. """ if len(self.currentLine) > 1: self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine, self._pencolor, self._pensize) self.currentLineItem = self.screen._createline() self.items.append(self.currentLineItem) else: self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, top=True) self.currentLine = [] if usePos: self.currentLine = [self._position] def filling(self): """Return fillstate (True if filling, False else). No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> if turtle.filling(): ... turtle.pensize(5) ... else: ... turtle.pensize(3) """ return isinstance(self._fillpath, list) @contextmanager def fill(self): """A context manager for filling a shape. Implicitly ensures the code block is wrapped with begin_fill() and end_fill(). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> with turtle.fill(): ... turtle.circle(60) """ self.begin_fill() try: yield finally: self.end_fill() def begin_fill(self): """Called just before drawing a shape to be filled. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.circle(60) >>> turtle.end_fill() """ if not self.filling(): self._fillitem = self.screen._createpoly() self.items.append(self._fillitem) self._fillpath = [self._position] self._newLine() if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("beginfill", self._fillitem)) self._update() def end_fill(self): """Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill(). No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.circle(60) >>> turtle.end_fill() """ if self.filling(): if len(self._fillpath) > 2: self.screen._drawpoly(self._fillitem, self._fillpath, fill=self._fillcolor) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("dofill", self._fillitem)) self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None self._update() def dot(self, size=None, *color): """Draw a dot with diameter size, using color. Optional arguments: size -- an integer >= 1 (if given) color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.dot() >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50) """ if not color: if isinstance(size, (str, tuple)): color = self._colorstr(size) size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) else: color = self._pencolor if not size: size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) else: if size is None: size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) color = self._colorstr(color) # If screen were to gain a dot function, see GH #104218. pen = self.pen() if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) self.undobuffer.cumulate = True try: if self.resizemode() == 'auto': self.ht() self.pendown() self.pensize(size) self.pencolor(color) self.forward(0) finally: self.pen(pen) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.cumulate = False def _write(self, txt, align, font): """Performs the writing for write() """ item, end = self.screen._write(self._position, txt, align, font, self._pencolor) self._update() self.items.append(item) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("wri", item)) return end def write(self, arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")): """Write text at the current turtle position. Arguments: arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen move (optional) -- True/False align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right" font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype) Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right") and with the given font. If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default, move is False. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center") >>> turtle.write((0,0), True) """ if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) self.undobuffer.cumulate = True end = self._write(str(arg), align.lower(), font) if move: x, y = self.pos() self.setpos(end, y) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.cumulate = False @contextmanager def poly(self): """A context manager for recording the vertices of a polygon. Implicitly ensures that the code block is wrapped with begin_poly() and end_poly() Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle) where we create a triangle as the polygon and move the turtle 100 steps forward: >>> with turtle.poly(): ... for side in range(3) ... turtle.forward(50) ... turtle.right(60) >>> turtle.forward(100) """ self.begin_poly() try: yield finally: self.end_poly() def begin_poly(self): """Start recording the vertices of a polygon. No argument. Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first point of polygon. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_poly() """ self._poly = [self._position] self._creatingPoly = True def end_poly(self): """Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. No argument. Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.end_poly() """ self._creatingPoly = False def get_poly(self): """Return the last recorded polygon. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> p = turtle.get_poly() >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p) """ ## check if there is any poly? if self._poly is not None: return tuple(self._poly) def getscreen(self): """Return the TurtleScreen object the turtle is drawing on. No argument. So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> ts = turtle.getscreen() >>> ts >>> ts.bgcolor("pink") """ return self.screen def getturtle(self): """Return the Turtleobject itself. No argument. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle': Example: >>> pet = getturtle() >>> pet.fd(50) >>> pet >>> turtles() [] """ return self getpen = getturtle ################################################################ ### screen oriented methods recurring to methods of TurtleScreen ################################################################ def _delay(self, delay=None): """Set delay value which determines speed of turtle animation. """ return self.screen.delay(delay) def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding. Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way: >>> def turn(x, y): ... left(360) ... >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it. >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed """ self.screen._onclick(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) self._update() def onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe): >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle): ... def glow(self,x,y): ... self.fillcolor("red") ... def unglow(self,x,y): ... self.fillcolor("") ... >>> joe = MyTurtle() >>> joe.onclick(joe.glow) >>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow) Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to transparent. """ self.screen._onrelease(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) self._update() def ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto) Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down). """ self.screen._ondrag(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) def _undo(self, action, data): """Does the main part of the work for undo() """ if self.undobuffer is None: return if action == "rot": angle, degPAU = data self._rotate(-angle*degPAU/self._degreesPerAU) self.undobuffer.pop() elif action == "stamp": stitem = data[0] self.clearstamp(stitem) elif action == "go": self._undogoto(data) elif action in ["wri", "dot"]: item = data[0] self.screen._delete(item) self.items.remove(item) elif action == "dofill": item = data[0] self.screen._drawpoly(item, ((0, 0),(0, 0),(0, 0)), fill="", outline="") elif action == "beginfill": item = data[0] self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None if item in self.items: self.screen._delete(item) self.items.remove(item) elif action == "pen": TPen.pen(self, data[0]) self.undobuffer.pop() def undo(self): """undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action. No argument. undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action. Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> for i in range(4): ... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80) ... >>> for i in range(8): ... turtle.undo() ... """ if self.undobuffer is None: return item = self.undobuffer.pop() action = item[0] data = item[1:] if action == "seq": while data: item = data.pop() self._undo(item[0], item[1:]) else: self._undo(action, data) turtlesize = shapesize RawPen = RawTurtle ### Screen - Singleton ######################## def Screen(): """Return the singleton screen object. If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it, else return the existing one.""" if Turtle._screen is None: Turtle._screen = _Screen() return Turtle._screen class _Screen(TurtleScreen): _root = None _canvas = None _title = _CFG["title"] def __init__(self): if _Screen._root is None: _Screen._root = self._root = _Root() self._root.title(_Screen._title) self._root.ondestroy(self._destroy) if _Screen._canvas is None: width = _CFG["width"] height = _CFG["height"] canvwidth = _CFG["canvwidth"] canvheight = _CFG["canvheight"] leftright = _CFG["leftright"] topbottom = _CFG["topbottom"] self._root.setupcanvas(width, height, canvwidth, canvheight) _Screen._canvas = self._root._getcanvas() TurtleScreen.__init__(self, _Screen._canvas) self.setup(width, height, leftright, topbottom) def setup(self, width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"], startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]): """ Set the size and position of the main window. Arguments: width: as integer a size in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen. Default is 50% of screen. height: as integer the height in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen. Default is 75% of screen. startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge Default, startx=None is to center window horizontally. starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge Default, starty=None is to center window vertically. Examples (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen >>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None) sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers """ if not hasattr(self._root, "set_geometry"): return sw = self._root.win_width() sh = self._root.win_height() if isinstance(width, float) and 0 <= width <= 1: width = sw*width if startx is None: startx = (sw - width) / 2 if isinstance(height, float) and 0 <= height <= 1: height = sh*height if starty is None: starty = (sh - height) / 2 self._root.set_geometry(width, height, startx, starty) self.update() def title(self, titlestring): """Set title of turtle-window Argument: titlestring -- a string, to appear in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window. This is a method of Screen-class. Not available for TurtleScreen- objects. Example (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle-zoo!") """ if _Screen._root is not None: _Screen._root.title(titlestring) _Screen._title = titlestring def _destroy(self): root = self._root if root is _Screen._root: Turtle._pen = None Turtle._screen = None _Screen._root = None _Screen._canvas = None TurtleScreen._RUNNING = False root.destroy() def bye(self): """Shut the turtlegraphics window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bye() """ self._destroy() def exitonclick(self): """Go into mainloop until the mouse is clicked. No arguments. Bind bye() method to mouseclick on TurtleScreen. If "using_IDLE" - value in configuration dictionary is False (default value), enter mainloop. If IDLE with -n switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to True in turtle.cfg. In this case IDLE's mainloop is active also for the client script. This is a method of the Screen-class and not available for TurtleScreen instances. Example (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> screen.exitonclick() """ def exitGracefully(x, y): """Screen.bye() with two dummy-parameters""" self.bye() self.onclick(exitGracefully) if _CFG["using_IDLE"]: return try: mainloop() except AttributeError: exit(0) class Turtle(RawTurtle): """RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas. When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created. """ _pen = None _screen = None def __init__(self, shape=_CFG["shape"], undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"], visible=_CFG["visible"]): if Turtle._screen is None: Turtle._screen = Screen() RawTurtle.__init__(self, Turtle._screen, shape=shape, undobuffersize=undobuffersize, visible=visible) Pen = Turtle def write_docstringdict(filename="turtle_docstringdict"): """Create and write docstring-dictionary to file. Optional argument: filename -- a string, used as filename default value is turtle_docstringdict Has to be called explicitly, (not used by the turtle-graphics classes) The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script .py It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings into different languages. """ docsdict = {} for methodname in _tg_screen_functions: key = "_Screen."+methodname docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__ for methodname in _tg_turtle_functions: key = "Turtle."+methodname docsdict[key] = eval(key).__doc__ with open("%s.py" % filename,"w") as f: keys = sorted(x for x in docsdict if x.split('.')[1] not in _alias_list) f.write('docsdict = {\n\n') for key in keys[:-1]: f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key)) f.write(' """%s\n""",\n\n' % docsdict[key]) key = keys[-1] f.write('%s :\n' % repr(key)) f.write(' """%s\n"""\n\n' % docsdict[key]) f.write("}\n") f.close() def read_docstrings(lang): """Read in docstrings from a language-specific docstring dictionary. Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form - to the corresponding functions. """ modname = "turtle_docstringdict_%(language)s" % {'language':lang.lower()} module = __import__(modname) docsdict = module.docsdict for key in docsdict: try: # eval(key).im_func.__doc__ = docsdict[key] eval(key).__doc__ = docsdict[key] except Exception: print("Bad docstring-entry: %s" % key) _LANGUAGE = _CFG["language"] try: if _LANGUAGE != "english": read_docstrings(_LANGUAGE) except ImportError: print("Cannot find docsdict for", _LANGUAGE) except Exception: print ("Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionary" % _LANGUAGE) def getmethparlist(ob): """Get strings describing the arguments for the given object Returns a pair of strings representing function parameter lists including parenthesis. The first string is suitable for use in function definition and the second is suitable for use in function call. The "self" parameter is not included. """ orig_sig = inspect.signature(ob) # bit of a hack for methods - turn it into a function # but we drop the "self" param. # Try and build one for Python defined functions func_sig = orig_sig.replace( parameters=list(orig_sig.parameters.values())[1:], ) call_args = [] for param in func_sig.parameters.values(): match param.kind: case ( inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY | inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD ): call_args.append(param.name) case inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL: call_args.append(f'*{param.name}') case inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY: call_args.append(f'{param.name}={param.name}') case inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD: call_args.append(f'**{param.name}') case _: raise RuntimeError('Unsupported parameter kind', param.kind) call_text = f'({', '.join(call_args)})' return str(func_sig), call_text def _turtle_docrevise(docstr): """To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions """ import re if docstr is None: return None turtlename = _CFG["exampleturtle"] newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % turtlename,"") parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % turtlename) newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr) return newdocstr def _screen_docrevise(docstr): """To reduce docstrings from TurtleScreen class for functions """ import re if docstr is None: return None screenname = _CFG["examplescreen"] newdocstr = docstr.replace("%s." % screenname,"") parexp = re.compile(r' \(.+ %s\):' % screenname) newdocstr = parexp.sub(":", newdocstr) return newdocstr ## The following mechanism makes all methods of RawTurtle and Turtle available ## as functions. So we can enhance, change, add, delete methods to these ## classes and do not need to change anything here. __func_body = """\ def {name}{paramslist}: if {obj} is None: if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True raise Terminator {obj} = {init} try: return {obj}.{name}{argslist} except TK.TclError: if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: TurtleScreen._RUNNING = True raise Terminator raise """ def _make_global_funcs(functions, cls, obj, init, docrevise): for methodname in functions: method = getattr(cls, methodname) pl1, pl2 = getmethparlist(method) if pl1 == "": print(">>>>>>", pl1, pl2) continue defstr = __func_body.format(obj=obj, init=init, name=methodname, paramslist=pl1, argslist=pl2) exec(defstr, globals()) globals()[methodname].__doc__ = docrevise(method.__doc__) _make_global_funcs(_tg_screen_functions, _Screen, 'Turtle._screen', 'Screen()', _screen_docrevise) _make_global_funcs(_tg_turtle_functions, Turtle, 'Turtle._pen', 'Turtle()', _turtle_docrevise) done = mainloop if __name__ == "__main__": def switchpen(): if isdown(): pu() else: pd() def demo1(): """Demo of old turtle.py - module""" reset() tracer(True) up() backward(100) down() # draw 3 squares; the last filled width(3) for i in range(3): if i == 2: begin_fill() for _ in range(4): forward(20) left(90) if i == 2: color("maroon") end_fill() up() forward(30) down() width(1) color("black") # move out of the way tracer(False) up() right(90) forward(100) right(90) forward(100) right(180) down() # some text write("startstart", 1) write("start", 1) color("red") # staircase for i in range(5): forward(20) left(90) forward(20) right(90) # filled staircase tracer(True) begin_fill() for i in range(5): forward(20) left(90) forward(20) right(90) end_fill() # more text def demo2(): """Demo of some new features.""" speed(1) st() pensize(3) setheading(towards(0, 0)) radius = distance(0, 0)/2.0 rt(90) for _ in range(18): switchpen() circle(radius, 10) write("wait a moment...") while undobufferentries(): undo() reset() lt(90) colormode(255) laenge = 10 pencolor("green") pensize(3) lt(180) for i in range(-2, 16): if i > 0: begin_fill() fillcolor(255-15*i, 0, 15*i) for _ in range(3): fd(laenge) lt(120) end_fill() laenge += 10 lt(15) speed((speed()+1)%12) #end_fill() lt(120) pu() fd(70) rt(30) pd() color("red","yellow") speed(0) begin_fill() for _ in range(4): circle(50, 90) rt(90) fd(30) rt(90) end_fill() lt(90) pu() fd(30) pd() shape("turtle") tri = getturtle() tri.resizemode("auto") turtle = Turtle() turtle.resizemode("auto") turtle.shape("turtle") turtle.reset() turtle.left(90) turtle.speed(0) turtle.up() turtle.goto(280, 40) turtle.lt(30) turtle.down() turtle.speed(6) turtle.color("blue","orange") turtle.pensize(2) tri.speed(6) setheading(towards(turtle)) count = 1 while tri.distance(turtle) > 4: turtle.fd(3.5) turtle.lt(0.6) tri.setheading(tri.towards(turtle)) tri.fd(4) if count % 20 == 0: turtle.stamp() tri.stamp() switchpen() count += 1 tri.write("CAUGHT! ", font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), align="right") tri.pencolor("black") tri.pencolor("red") def baba(xdummy, ydummy): clearscreen() bye() time.sleep(2) while undobufferentries(): tri.undo() turtle.undo() tri.fd(50) tri.write(" Click me!", font = ("Courier", 12, "bold") ) tri.onclick(baba, 1) demo1() demo2() exitonclick()